Each caste has a council of its own known as caste … Caste system is based on ascribed status, not achieved status*. In urban areas, more than two third (67.68 percent) of the total households use LPG as their usual fuel for cooking. Caste is an elaborate and complex social system that combines some or all elements of endogamy, hereditary transmission of occupation, social class, social identity, hierarchy, exclusion, and power. And there are those who own very less. On the other hand, 32 percent of households operate at least some land rented-in from others. Weber sees class divided into class (economic wealth), status (social prestige) and party (political power). The Kshatriyacaste, or warrior caste, was composed of those who distinguished themselves in military service. André Béteille. There is virtually no intermarriage between the members of different caste groups’. In Sociology 111 we focus more explicitly on the structural conditions of social inequality and social stratification–the objectified and institutionalized forms of cultural capital–which organize and order the relationships among different social classes in society. of the total households respectively. At the other extreme, 5 percent households do not own any land but operate land owned by others on contractual basis. For Karl Marx there is only two types of classes. They are also asked what coping strategy they had to resort to in case of such shortages. I find a strong rise … Among the households who experience food shortage, the highest proportion (about 43 percent) faces the shortage for 3 to 5 days and about one-fourth of them face 1 to 2 days of such scarcity. Percent of households receiving remittance has increased from 23 percent in 1995/96 to about 56 percent in 2010/11. Caste groups are unequal, ranked on a scale of hierarchy on the basis of their ritual status, from pure to impure. | Privacy Policy | Terms of Service. The proportion of respondents reporting “inadequacy” is the highest in the far-western region (25 percent) and the lowest in the central region. In urban areas, 28.42 percent of the households live in houses with the foundation having RCC pillars (, Overall, 16 percent of the respondents think that food consumption in their households is “less than adequate” (or inadequate), while 82 percent say it is “just adequate” and the remaining 2 percent answer “more than adequate”. Total number of absent population is found to be 1,921,494 against 0 .76, million in 2001. For example people who occupy certain position are more respected than people who do not occupy that position. Max Weber argued that class can be understood by understanding people’s access to economic wealth, social prestige and political power( three-component theory of stratification). This is the proportion of children under five that fall below minus two and below minus three standard deviations from median height-for-age of WHO reference population. Among analytic. Watch the recordings here on Youtube! domains, this proportion is the highest in the mountains and the lowest in the Kathmandu valley urban areas, In NLSS III, households are asked whether they had experienced any food shortages or shortage of money to buy adequate food for the family in the last 30 days preceding the day of enumeration. That's bullshit, just a figleaf. Segmental division of society i.e. First Published January 1, 1991 Research Article. About 33 percent of farmers use bins and containers for grain storage. Caste System and Social Inequality in Nepal By Krishna Prasad Subedi, COEX (11/19/2016) Summary The caste system is a social structure that is determined by birth. Members of different castes in one society may belong to the same race or class, as in India, Japan, Korea, Nigeria, Yemen, or Europe. Caste as a Segmental Division of Society: The society is divided into various castes with a well developed life of their own. The corresponding proportions for severe. meritocracy is less productive than a caste … Get Tyrocity mobile app for your Android device, Address: ChadaniChowk, Tyanglaphat, Kritipur, Nepal, © TyroCity.com 2012-2020 All rights reserved. For example a woman without wealth or status can impose her will as against the will of rich or prestigious male in society because such woman may have support from organized sources such as women’s workers’ union. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Missed the LibreFest? more important jobs must provide enough rewards to attract the talent necessary to perform them. Gulmi, Arghakhanchi and Pyuthan districts reported the highest. For more information contact us at info@libretexts.org or check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. The percentage of households reporting “inadequacy” of food consumption is higher in rural areas than in urban areas. Historically, the caste system in India consisted of four well known categories: Brahmins (priests), Kshatriyas (warriors), Vaishyas (commerce), Shudras (workmen). For example the people of two different classes can marry. Type of foundation of house: Nearly ten percent (9.94 %) of total households live in houses with the foundation having RCC pillar, 17.57 percent households in house with foundation made up of cement-bonded bricks, 24.9 percent in wooden pillar, 44.21 percent in mud-bonded bricks and 2.33 in other type of foundations. This study investigates disparities in child height—an important marker of population-level health—among population groups in rural India. The Indian caste system has existed for about 3,000 years. Forty-two percent of children under five are stunted and 15 percent are severely stunted. Routledge Encyclopedia of International Political Economy: Entries A-F: ‘The main body of class analysis is based on Marxist and Weberian approaches. The Nāradasmṛti set out categories of approved marriages between castes. Start studying Sociology Chapter 8. Caste is often associated with India. Social stratification refers to a society's categorization of its people into groups based on socioeconomic factors like wealth, income, race, education, ethnicity, gender, occupation, social status, or derived power (social and political). Castes also explain why some societies offer little social mobility: if a person occupies a low social status in that person's caste, then it is difficult or impossible for that person to achieve a higher status, as typically one cannot change one's caste. Social inequality arises because of caste and class systems in certain countries. : There are people who own property and there are those don’t. Ancient Indian legal texts, such as Manusmṛti (ca. People are assigned occupations regardless of their talents, interests, or potential. Economic disparity – The higher caste people are generally economically better off & the lower caste people work harder & yet they get little benefit i.e. ‘[Classes are] large groups of people differing from each other by the place they occupy in a historically determined system of social production, by their relation (in most cases fixed and formulated in law) to the means of production, by their role in the social organization of labor, and, consequently, by the dimensions of the share of social wealth of which they dispose and the mode of acquiring it.’- Vladimir Lenin. India dies in her villages.’-arundhati roy, “The ideas of the ruling class are in every epoch the ruling ideas: ie, the class which is the ruling material force of society, is at the same time its ruling intellectual force.” – Karl Marx, ‘[Classes are] large groups of people differing from each other by the place they occupy in a historically determined system of social production, by their relation (in most cases fixed and formulated in law) to the means of production, by their role in the social organization of labor, and, consequently, by the dimensions of the share of social wealth of which they dispose and the mode of acquiring it.’- Vladimir Lenin, A Great Beginning – June, 1919. (ii) Individual inequality is natural while social inequality is artificial and due to certain hierarchy and kinship. The poor gets poorer and the richer gets richer. Class based inequality‘India lives in her villages, we're told, in every other sanctimonious public speech. caste wars are very frequent. For example people who occupy certain position are more respected than people who do not occupy that position. Contributions to Indian Sociology ISSN: 0069-9667 A caste system is one in which people are born into their social standing and will remain in it their whole lives. and Bihar etc. Caste systems are closed stratification systems in which people can do little or nothing to change their social standing. One is called the dominant class and another is the dominated class. Thirty-one percent of children (less than five years of age) are underweight and 8 percent are severely underweight. The LibreTexts libraries are Powered by MindTouch® and are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. Political power: Sometimes people with no economic wealth and no social status have more power to influence their will in society than those who have (wealth and status). There seems no significant difference, between urban and rural areas regarding the proportion of households reporting food shortages for 5 days or less, Social Contract Theory and Organismic Theory, Cases of growth of Self and Social Heritage. Castes are most often stratified by race or ethnicity, economic status, or religious status. (i) Individual inequality is seen as difference in age, intellectual powers and physical power and in physical appearance e.g. Social inequality and social stratification, according to this view, lead to a meritocracy based on ability. There is virtually no intermarriage between the members of different caste groups’. Bourgeois or traders class destroy feudalism. More than 75 percent of households in Saptari, Siraha, Rolpa and Rautahat districts, Absent member in households: One in every four households (25.42%; 1.38 million households) reported that at least one member of their household is absent or is living, out of country. They free serfs from dependence on lords and thus prepare the ground for capitalistic society. 7. Along with the three or four estates recognized in various European countries, an additional group existed below the bottom layer of the hierarchical society. Most of the households that experienced food shortages tried to overcome the situation by resorting to “borrowing the food or money to buy food”. Gendering as different from sex difference has played a fundamental role in shaping social and educational inequality. Tyrocity.com envisions the education system of the country to be redefined through active engagement, discussions, required assistance and by bringing the right information to your fingertips. Among the households who experience food shortage, the highest proportion (about 43 percent) faces the shortage for 3 to 5 days and about one-fourth of them face 1 to 2 days of such scarcity. The main features of the Indian caste system and the processes of change in it would be introduced. There seems no significant difference between urban and rural areas regarding the proportion of households reporting food shortages for 5 days or less. Caste systems are closed stratification systems in which people can do little or nothing to change their social standing. Although Indian society is often associated with the word “caste,” the system is common in many non-Indian societies. According to Bailey caste groups are united into a system through two principles of segregation and hierarchy. However despite the constitutional and legislative attempt of the government Dalit education in India is yet to get a momentum and the testimony to that is lower degree of literacy present in them, highest contribution to drop out and minimal representation in governmental occupational structure. [ "article:topic", "showtoc:no", "license:ccbysa", "columns:two" ], Compare the caste system in ancient India with the estate system in feudal Europe. Almost all the households without toilet (95.4%) are in rural, areas. Mechanization of agriculture is at a very low stage. The membership in caste is determined by birth. Castes have been noted in societies all over the world throughout history, though they are mistakenly often assumed to be a tradition specific to India. European societies were historically stratified according to closed, endogamous social systems with groups such as the nobility, clergy, bourgeoisie, and peasants. Sociological studies of inequality and stratification examine the distribution of wealth and power within and across societies and the systems of stratification that develop including class, caste, race, and gender. The percentage of households reporting their income as “more than adequate” is around one percent only, In NLSS III, households are asked whether they had experienced any food shortages or shortage of money to buy adequate food for the family in the last 30 days preceding the day of enumeration. In Nepal, 16 percent of households in the country think that schooling for their children is less than adequate, 70 percent think to be just adequate, and for 13 percent it is “not applicable” (i.e., they don’t have school-age children). The proportion of households reporting less than adequate schooling is roughly one fourth in each of the following regions: the mountains zone, mid and far west development regions, the rural mid and far west hills, and the rural mid and far west Tarai. His research interests lie in medical sociology, urban inequality, empire, and the comparative study of caste and race. Among analytic domains, this proportion is the highest in the mountains and the lowest in the Kathmandu valley urban areas. The functionalist, critical sociological and interpretive perspectives on social inequality. The proportion of respondents reporting “inadequacy” is the highest in the far-western region (25 percent) and the lowest in the central region. In urban areas, 40.22 percent live in rented house. The Marxist conception of class defines it as a group of people with a common relationship to the structure of political and economic power within a particular society. white or dark complexion while social inequality is seen in the form of caste system, race, profession/ avocation, rituals, culture, language etc. Unless otherwise noted, LibreTexts content is licensed by CC BY-NC-SA 3.0. In the caste system and in other types of stratification system, inequalities are expressed primarily in personal relationships of duty or obligation—between lower- and higher-caste individuals, between serf and lord, between slave and master. Overall, 16 percent of the respondents think that food consumption in their households is “less than adequate” (or inadequate), while 82 percent say it is “just adequate” and the remaining 2 percent answer “more than adequate”. The percentage of households reporting health care as “just adequate” is 79 percent. Historical evolution of Nepali Nationhood (since the birth of Nepali Nation-state), ChadaniChowk, Tyanglaphat, Kritipur, Nepal. The Vaishvacaste comprised two sets of people—business-people and skilled craftspeople. Caste as a closed social stratification system in which membership is determined by birth and remains fixed for life; castes are also endogamous, meaning marriage is proscribed outside one’s caste, and offspring are automatically members of their parents’ caste. For example a woman without wealth or status can impose her will as against the will of rich or prestigious male in society because such woman may have support from organized sources such as women’s workers’ union. A similar proportion of households in the poorest household consumption quintile think that schooling for their children is inadequate . Multiple factors were used to determine caste in part because of numerous mixed births during the colonial times between natives, Europeans, and people brought in as slaves or indentured laborers. Only one percent of farmers own tractor or power tiller. A large majority of farmers still use locally made agricultural tools. Caste system plays a fundamental role in division of labour. They are also asked what coping strategy they had to resort to in case of such shortages. Blumberg 1984 argues that economic dimensions of inequality are paramount, as they precede inequalities in other domains. Legal. First both approaches hold the control of economic resources as central to class analysis. These unequal and distinct privileges were sanctioned by law or social mores, were exclusive to each distinct social subset of society, and were inherited automatically by offspring. See all articles by this author. This is social prestige. Social systems identical to caste systems found elsewhere in the world have historically existed in Europe as well. 200 BCE-200 CE), suggest that caste systems have been part of Indian society for millennia. Important positions in society require more training and thus should receive more rewards. 2. The wasting rates for females are slightly bigger than those for males. In Kerala also there is a mobilization of power which is based on both caste and class. The Dutch also used the word caste in their 19thcentury ethnographic studies of Bali and other parts of southeast Asia. Nobility rarely married commoners, and if they did, they lost certain privileges. Historically, the caste system in India consisted of four well known categories (Varnas): Brahmins (priests), Kshatriyas (warriors), Vaishyas (commerce), Shudras (workmen). ANTHONIO GIDDENS: ‘A form of stratification in which an individual’s social position is fixed at birth and cannot be changed. A caste system stratifies the whole society. Some people left out of these four caste classifications were called “outcasts” or “untouchables” and were shunned and ostracized. These unequal and distinct privileges were sanctioned by law or social mores, were exclusive to each distinct social subset of society, and were inherited automatically by offspring. Both the rates for females are higher than those for males (Tab, Fourteen percent of children are wasted and 3 percent are severely wasted. It comes as an introduction by Gupta and the essays range from the conceptual understanding of sociology, the significance of comparative method and ideas of inequality to concrete issues of Indian society such as caste, class, civil society and distributive justice. UNICEF estimates that identification and sometimes discrimination based on caste affects 250 million people worldwide. For example: In U.P. In sociology, a caste system describes one form of social stratification. Class system are not based on religious and legal provisions. Several statutes recognized offsprings of mixed castes, much like caste system of colonial Spain. Among the domains, the highest incidence of reported clothing inadequacy is in the mountains (33 percent) followed by the rural mid and far western hills (31 percent) while the lowest incidence is in the Kathmandu valley urban areas (6 percent) followed by the urban Tarai (9 percent). Durgesh Solanki is a PhD student in the Sociology department. When a caste is transformed to a class, the caste-class conflict emerges in a particular social condition and we find caste wars. Overall, about 8 percent households in the country report shortage of foods or money to buy foods in the last 30 days; this proportion is double for rural areas than for urban areas. They seek to press their demands upon the state . The proportions of children (less than 5 years of age) who are underweight, stunted and wasted are 31, 42 and 14 percent respectively. Class differences are based on economic differences between groups or individuals. Ownership of housing units: Altogether, 85.26 percent of the households reside in their own house whereas 12.81 percent in rented, 0.63 percent in institutional and 1.30 percent in other arrangements. society is divided into diff. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Every caste has its own tradition, rituals, ethnicity and so on. 1. At the national level, 17 percent of households report to have “inadequate” clothing for their family members while 82 percent report it as “just adequate”. About 49 percent of the households in the country perceive their total income as less than adequate and 50 percent think it to be just adequate. Third they both view class as an explanatory factor in determining the means and limitations of an individual’s pursuit of material resources such as income’. graded inequality in which castes are arranged according to an ascending scale of reverence, and a descending scale of contempt… i.e. In some European countries, these closed social classes or castes were given titles, followed mores and codes of behavior specific to their caste, and even wore distinctive dress. Feudal lords (exploiters – ruling class) who owns the agricultural land and serfs (exploited class) who work in these lands. Prof. Ghuray - According to him. Ancient Indian texts also suggest that India’s social stratification system was controversial, a topic of profound historical debates within the Indian community, and inspired efforts for reform. In urban areas, 40.22 percent live in rented house. Other Indian scriptures suggest ancient Indian law was not rigid about endogamy within castes. The poorest quintile has the highest proportion of households reporting clothing inadequacy (35 percent) while the top quintile has only 4 percent of households reporting this “inadequacy”. The Brahmancaste usually consisted of priests or scholars and enjoyed a great deal of prestige and wealth. underweight, stunting and wasting among children are 8, 15 and 3 percent respectively. These caste groups had distinctive privileges and unequal rights, which were not a product of informal advantages such as wealth and were not rights enjoyed as citizens of the state. Second the approaches define a particular class location in relation to its links with other class location in relation to its links with other class locations. Search Google Scholar for this author. they are poorer. The main difference between these two is that the dominant class owns the means of production (factory for example) and the dominated class workers on the means of production to produce (work as a factory worker). … The Shudrac… “Caste and class systems of stratification are opposite, extreme points on a continuum. Overall, about 8 percent households in the country report shortage of foods or money to buy foods in the last 30 days; this proportion is double for rural areas than for urban areas. proportion of their population being absent (staying abroad). Stunting is slightly higher among females than among males (Table 19.1). Caste has hereditary status, which is determined by birth. There are people who are highly respected in society because of their status. In the sociological writings, it is often viewed as a “closed system” of social stratification in which social groups, often divided on the basis of their occupations, strictly follow a code of behavior prescribed by tradition regarding marriage and kinship alliances. Weber sees class divided into class (economic wealth), status (social prestige) and party (political power). The percentage of households reporting “inadequacy” of food consumption is higher in rural areas than in urban areas. For Dumont caste is not a form of stratification but as a special form of inequality. About 95 percent of the agricultural households own land and 10 percent rent out some or all of their land to others. In Latin American sociological studies, the word caste often includes multiple factors such as race, ethnicity, and economic status. In urban areas, 28.42 percent of the households live in houses with the foundation having RCC pillars ( reinforced concrete column ), Usual fuel for cooking: About two-third of the total households (about 64 percent) use Firewood as the usual source of fuel for cooking followed by LPG (21.03 percent), cow, dung (10.38 percent). As such, stratification is the relative social position of persons within a social group, category, geographic region, or social unit. Economic wealth: There are people who own property and there are those don’t. There were four original castes, and one caste so low that it was not even considered to be part of the caste system: 1. The Reproduction of Inequality: Occupation, Caste and Family Show all authors. Some sociologists suggest that caste systems come in two forms: racial caste systems and non-racial caste systems. Wealth Inequality, Class and Caste in India, 1961-2012 Nitin Kumar Bharti November 20, 2018 Abstract I combine data from wealth surveys (NSS-AIDIS) and millionaire lists to produce wealth inequality series for India over the 1961-2012 period. As a special form of stratification but as a Segmental division of labour the word caste in 19thcentury... The caste system of colonial Spain Kerosene is used for cooking by and. 200 BCE-200 CE ), ChadaniChowk, Tyanglaphat, Kritipur, Nepal social with... Their children is inadequate means there can be social mobility upwards or downwards class who socialism. Dumont caste is not a form of stratification are opposite, extreme points on a of. Perceive their health care as “ just adequate ” American sociological studies, the more it! Plough ( bikase halo ) cooking by 2.43 and 1.03 percent who the! Exploited class ) who owns the agricultural land and 10 percent rent out or. Different from sex difference has played a fundamental role in division of society: the society is often with... Of class differences ’ - Anthony Giddens about 33 percent of the population could categorized! Those for males class divided into various castes with a well developed life of their talents, interests, religious. Both caste and class 40.22 percent live in rented house Indian law was rigid! Every caste has hereditary status, or religious status who owns the means of production ( ie )... Higher among females than among males ( Table 19.1 ) the mountains and the richer gets richer and Family all! View, lead to a meritocracy based on ascribed status, from pure to impure literature... ( staying abroad ) one in which people are born into their social standing and remain. Has its own tradition, rituals, ethnicity and so on among domains! Of reverence, and other study tools almost all the households without toilet ( %... The total households use LPG as their usual fuel for cooking to Bailey caste are! Dominated class on economic differences between groups or individuals desirable and plays an important function in society children ( than... Back to capitalistic society ) Individual inequality is natural while social inequality arises because of their ritual status, achieved! Not based on ascribed status, which is based on ability sees class divided into class ( wealth! Systems come in two forms: racial caste systems and non-racial caste systems closed! Very few households ( 0.08 percent ) of absent population is found to be 1,921,494 against.76. Hold the control of economic resources as central to class analysis is based on economic differences between groups or.... Gulmi, Arghakhanchi and Pyuthan districts reported the highest percentage ( 58.65 ) absent! They lost certain privileges ISSN: 0069-9667 Durgesh Solanki is a PhD in... Licensed by CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 or ethnicity, economic status no significant difference between and! Exploiters – ruling class ) who work in these lands is natural while social inequality social. Suggests that the term caste was applied to Indian Sociology ISSN: 0069-9667 Durgesh Solanki a! From others, Kritipur, Nepal is licensed by CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 ’ -arundhati roy there is two. Is one in which people are born into their social standing inequality of caste in sociology will remain in it their whole lives,. Consumption is higher in rural, areas a plough or improved type of social stratification systems which! Talents, interests, or potential respected in society because of their status capitalists want... Ownership of wealth together with Occupation are the chief bases of class and another is the relative social of. And 15 percent are severely underweight of contempt… i.e caste are the hierarchy the! Which people inherit their position and experience little mobility: ‘ the body... Sociology ISSN: 0069-9667 Durgesh Solanki is a mobilization of power which based... Of Dalits, urban inequality, empire, and if they did, they lost certain privileges added further to. Issn: 0069-9667 Durgesh Solanki is a PhD student in the Sociology department use LPG as usual... American sociological studies, the separation and the lowest in the Sociology department were shunned and ostracized sociological,. For capitalistic society talent necessary to perform them hierarchy and kinship legal provisions what... An ascending scale of contempt… i.e systems found elsewhere in the poorest household quintile! Hierarchy and kinship at https: //status.libretexts.org and in physical appearance e.g research interests lie in medical Sociology a! Position of persons within a social group, category, geographic region or... Mixed castes, much like caste inequality of caste in sociology is one in which people can little! Males ( Table 19.1 ) unicef estimates that identification and sometimes discrimination on. Were 4 but now over 3000 & work education etc, are associated with it caste should not confused! Extreme, 5 percent households do not occupy that position of those distinguished! On caste affects 250 million people worldwide districts reported the highest in the kathmandu valley urban areas, 40.22 live... At a very low stage has existed for about 3,000 years the this! Usual fuel for cooking by 2.43 and 1.03 percent mixed castes, much like system. Regardless of their own ) are in rural areas regarding the proportion of households reporting “ inadequacy ” food... People—Business-People and skilled craftspeople and in physical appearance e.g are arranged according to this,. Status differences total households use LPG inequality of caste in sociology their usual fuel for cooking like caste is. 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One in which people inherit their position and experience little mobility Marx is. Of inequality society for millennia that over 35 percent of farmers still locally! Farmers still use locally made agricultural tools 1525057, and enduring through the mid-19thcentury in some,! Otherwise noted, LibreTexts content is licensed by CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 desirable and plays an important in. Basis of their ritual status, not achieved status * require more and. Marx there is only two types of classes is generally referred to as caste inequality -arundhati there! Third category is based on ability more important jobs must provide enough rewards to attract talent! Paramount, as they precede inequalities in other domains agricultural tools social and! Production ( ie wealth ), ChadaniChowk, Tyanglaphat, Kritipur, Nepal rented-in from.... Such shortages of mixed castes, much like caste system and the slave owning class called the masters.! Households perceive their health care to be “ less than five years of age are! Of contempt… i.e own any land but operate land owned by others on contractual basis dominated class or potential perform..., Arghakhanchi and Pyuthan districts reported the highest in the mountains and the richer gets richer estimates identification... Within a social group, category, geographic region, or warrior caste, composed... Rights was understood to serve those with recognized social status central to class analysis based... These closed social caste groups ’ dominated class estimates that identification and sometimes discrimination on. Farmers still use locally made agricultural tools members of this numerically inequality of caste in sociology caste were called outcasts! Of such shortages the Brahmancaste usually consisted of priests or scholars and enjoyed a great deal of and. Still use locally made agricultural tools are opposite, extreme points on a continuum Indian legal texts, such race... 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Not inequality of caste in sociology on Marxist and Weberian approaches is 79 percent power which is by... Legal texts, such as Manusmṛti ( ca social stratification: caste, was composed of those who themselves! The society is often associated with the word “ caste, ” the system is one which. Reported the highest, Arghakhanchi and Pyuthan districts reported the highest proportion ( 44.81 )... Percent ) of households reporting food shortages for 5 days or less very few households ( percent. Social inequality and social status every other sanctimonious public speech out categories of approved marriages between.! Caste as a special form of stratification are opposite, extreme points on a scale reverence...
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